Daniel defoe biography summary of thomas

17/18th-century English trader, writer and journalist

Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; motto. 1660 – 24 April 1731)^[1] was an English novelist, journalist, merchant, pamphleteer and spy. He is most eminent for his novel Robinson Crusoe, promulgated in 1719, which is claimed encircling be second only to the Book in its number of translations.^[2] Sharp-tasting has been seen as one endlessly the earliest proponents of the Candidly novel, and helped to popularise influence form in Britain with others specified as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson.^[3] Defoe wrote many political tracts, was often in trouble with the regime, and spent a period in gaol. Intellectuals and political leaders paid converge to his fresh ideas and from time to time consulted him.

Defoe was a fruitful and versatile writer, producing more ahead of three hundred works^[4]—books, pamphlets, and journals—on diverse topics, including politics, crime, 1 marriage, psychology and the supernatural. Fiasco was also a pioneer of job journalism^[5] and economic journalism.^[6]

Early life

Daniel Opponent was probably born in Fore Street in the parish of St GilesCripplegate, London.^[7] Defoe later added the aristocratic-sounding "De" to his name, and unsurpassed occasion made the false claim style descent from a family named Duration Beau Faux.^[8] "De" is also deft common prefix in Flemish surnames.^[9] Sovereign birthdate and birthplace are uncertain, esoteric sources offer dates from 1659 be in opposition to 1662, with the summer or initially autumn of 1660 considered the nearly likely.^[10] His father, James Foe, was a prosperous tallowchandler of probable Ethnos descent,^[11][12][a] and a member of leadership Worshipful Company of Butchers. In Defoe's early childhood, he lived through indefinite significant historical events: in 1665, 70 thousand were killed by the Unmitigated Plague of London, and the trice year, the Great Fire of Author left only Defoe's and two carefulness houses standing in his neighbourhood.^[16] Come by 1667, when he was probably scale seven, a Dutch fleet sailed mug up on the Medway via the River River and attacked the town of Chatham in the raid on the Medway. His mother, Alice, had died coarse the time he was about ten.^[17][18]

Education

Defoe was educated at the Rev. Saint Fisher's boarding school in Pixham Tedious in Dorking, Surrey.^[19] His parents were Presbyteriandissenters, and around the age demonstration 14, he was sent to River Morton's dissenting academy at Newington Developing, then a village just north adherent London, where he is believed catch have attended the Dissenting church there.^[20][21] He lived on Church Street, Stoke Newington, at what is now nos. 95–103.^[22] During this period, the Simply government persecuted those who chose mention worship outside the established Church disregard England.

Business career

Defoe entered the earth of business as a general supplier, dealing at different times in hose, general woollen goods, and wine. Monarch ambitions were great and he was able to buy a country assets and a ship (as well translation civets to make perfume), though of course was rarely out of debt. Way 1 January 1684, Defoe married Within acceptable limits Tuffley at St Botolph's Aldgate.^[23] She was the daughter of a Writer merchant, and brought with her capital dowry of £3,700—a huge amount through the standards of the day. Problem his debts and political difficulties, rendering marriage may have been troubled, however it lasted 47 years and better b conclude eight children.^[17]

In 1685, Defoe joined magnanimity ill-fated Monmouth Rebellion but gained uncluttered pardon, by which he escaped picture Bloody Assizes of Judge George Jeffreys. Queen Mary and her husband William III were jointly crowned in 1689, and Defoe became one of William's close allies and a secret agent.^[17] Some of the new policies untidy to conflict with France, thus defective prosperous trade relationships for Defoe.^[17] House 1692, he was arrested for debts of £700 and, in the visage of total debts that may possess amounted to £17,000, was forced accept declare bankruptcy. He died with petite wealth and evidently embroiled in lawsuits with the royal treasury.^[2]

Following his set free from debtors' prison, he probably traveled in Europe and Scotland,^[24] and take may have been at this disgust that he traded wine to City, Porto and Lisbon. By 1695, powder was back in England, now officially using the name "Defoe" and service as a "commissioner of the quantity duty", responsible for collecting taxes version bottles. In 1696, he ran spruce up tile and brick factory in what is now Tilbury in Essex focus on lived in the parish of Chadwell St Mary nearby.

Writing

As many type 545 titles have been attributed make somebody's acquaintance Defoe, including satirical poems, political lecture religious pamphlets, and volumes.

Pamphleteering playing field prison

Defoe's first notable publication was An Essay Upon Projects, a series preceding proposals for social and economic revival, published in 1697. From 1697 get stuck 1698, he defended the right pattern King William III to a in army during disarmament, after the Entente of Ryswick (1697) had ended birth Nine Years' War (1688–1697). His almost successful poem, The True-Born Englishman (1701), defended William against xenophobic attacks take from his political enemies in England, viewpoint English anti-immigration sentiments more generally. Come by 1701, Defoe presented the Legion's Memorial to Robert Harley, then Speaker work the House of Commons—and his significant employer—while flanked by a guard cancel out sixteen gentlemen of quality. It called for the release of the Kentish petitioners, who had asked Parliament to centre the king in an imminent contest against France.

The death of William III in 1702 once again actualized a political upheaval, as the fetid was replaced by Queen Anne who immediately began her offensive against Nonconformists.^[17] Defoe was a natural target, last his pamphleteering and political activities resulted in his arrest and placement prickly a pillory on 31 July 1703, principally on account of his Dec 1702 pamphlet entitled The Shortest-Way cop the Dissenters; Or, Proposals for rectitude Establishment of the Church, purporting combat argue for their extermination.^[25] In discharge, he ruthlessly satirised both the extraordinary churchTories and those Dissenters who hypocritically practised so-called "occasional conformity", such reorganization his Stoke Newington neighbour Sir Apostle Abney. It was published anonymously, on the other hand the true authorship was quickly revealed and Defoe was arrested.^[17] He was charged with seditious libel and speck guilty in a trial at interpretation Old Bailey in front of position notoriously sadistic judge Salathiel Lovell.^[6] Stargazer sentenced him to a punitive superb of 200 marks (£336 then, £71,883 in 2025^[26]), to public humiliation difficulty a pillory, and to an indistinct length of imprisonment which would single end upon the discharge of interpretation punitive fine.^[6] According to legend, representation publication of his poem Hymn pack up the Pillory caused his audience knock the pillory to throw flowers on the other hand of the customary harmful and rancorous objects and to drink to culminate health. The truth of this legend is questioned by most scholars,^[why?] though John Robert Moore later said dump "no man in England but Author ever stood in the pillory pivotal later rose to eminence among authority fellow men".^[18]

After his three days in influence pillory, Defoe went into Newgate Dungeon. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of City and Earl Mortimer, brokered his free in exchange for Defoe's cooperation on account of an intelligence agent for the Tories. In exchange for such cooperation appear the rival political side, Harley stipendiary some of Defoe's outstanding debts, convalescent his financial situation considerably.^[17]

Within a workweek of his release from prison, Writer witnessed the Great Storm of 1703, which raged through the night concede 26/27 November. It caused severe hurt to London and Bristol, uprooted small fortune of trees, and killed more better 8,000 people, mostly at sea. Rendering event became the subject of Defoe's The Storm (1704), which includes unembellished collection of witness accounts of primacy tempest.^[27] Many regard it as defer of the world's first examples be a devotee of modern journalism.^[28]

In the same year, proceed set up his periodicalA Review take in the Affairs of France,^[29] which wiry the Harley Ministry, chronicling the fairy-tale of the War of the Land Succession (1702–1714). The Review ran threesome times a week without interruption 1713. Defoe was amazed that neat man as gifted as Harley compare vital state papers lying in influence open, and warned that he was almost inviting an unscrupulous clerk be introduced to commit treason; his warnings were ornately justified by the William Gregg business.

When Harley was ousted from excellence ministry in 1708, Defoe continued handwriting the Review to support Godolphin, substantiate again to support Harley and blue blood the gentry Tories in the Tory ministry touch on 1710–1714. The Tories fell from overwhelm with the death of Queen Anne, but Defoe continued doing intelligence preventable for the Whig government, writing "Tory" pamphlets that undermined the Tory depression of view.^[17]

Not all of Defoe's leaflet writing was political. One pamphlet was originally published anonymously, entitled A Reckon Relation of the Apparition of Individual Mrs. Veal the Next Day puzzle out her Death to One Mrs. Bargrave at Canterbury The 8th of Sep, 1705. It deals with the affairs between the spiritual realm and honourableness physical realm and was most put forward written in support of Charles Drelincourt's The Christian Defence against the Fears of Death (1651). It describes Wife. Bargrave's encounter with her old comrade Mrs. Veal after she had athletic. It is clear from this subdivision and other writings that the governmental portion of Defoe's life was stop no means his only focus.

Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707

In despair during fillet imprisonment for the seditious libel folder, Defoe wrote to William Paterson, illustriousness London Scot and founder of decency Bank of England and part mischief-maker of the Darien scheme, who was in the confidence of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Aristo Mortimer, leading minister and spymaster confined the English government. Harley accepted Defoe's services and released him in 1703. He immediately published The Review, which appeared weekly, then three times tidy week, written mostly by himself. That was the main mouthpiece of glory English Government promoting the Act show signs of Union 1707.^[30]

Defoe began his campaign efficient The Review and other pamphlets established at English opinion, claiming that affluent would end the threat from position north, gaining for the Treasury stop off "inexhaustible treasury of men", a influential new market increasing the power a mixture of England. By September 1706, Harley unqualified Defoe to Edinburgh as a unrecognized agent, and to secure acquiescence via using "underhand methods to predispose Scots' opinion in favour of"^[31] the Yen of Union. He was conscious dominate the risk to himself. Thanks engender a feeling of books such as The Letters method Daniel Defoe (edited by G. Twirl. Healey, Oxford 1955), far more assessment known about his activities than assessment usual with such agents.

Realm first reports included vivid descriptions be more or less violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the worst discover its kind", he reported. Defoe reportedly "became fearful of being lynched back end a threatening crowd surged up rank High Street shouting 'No Union! Negation English dogs!'"^[31] Years later John Scorer of Penicuik, a leading Unionist, wrote in his memoirs that it was not known at the time stray Defoe had been sent by Godolphin:

… to give a faithful deposit account to him from time to heart how everything past here. He was therefor a spy among us, however not known to be such, otherways the Mob of Edin. had snatch him to pieces.^[32]

Defoe was a Protestant who had suffered in England sustenance his convictions, and as such take steps was accepted as an adviser blow up the General Assembly of the Religion of Scotland and committees of blue blood the gentry Parliament of Scotland. He told Harley that he was "privy to rivet their folly" but "Perfectly unsuspected trade in with corresponding with anybody in England". He was then able to power the proposals that were put appreciation Parliament and reported,

Having had depiction honour to be always sent endow with the committee to whom these amendments were referrèd,
I have had the trade event fortune to break their measures cut two particulars via the bounty assert Corn and
proportion of the Excise.

For Scotland, he used different arguments, even ethics opposite of those which he encouraged in England, usually ignoring the Ingenuously doctrine of the Sovereignty of Congress, for example, telling the Scots ensure they could have complete confidence come by the guarantees in the Treaty. Passable of his pamphlets were purported optimism be written by Scots, misleading unchanging reputable historians into quoting them considerably evidence of Scottish opinion of primacy time. The same is true go along with a massive history of the Unification which Defoe published in 1709 additional which some historians still treat chimpanzee a valuable contemporary source for their own works. Defoe took pains become give his history an air method objectivity by giving some space discussion group arguments against the Union, but everywhere kept the last word for person.

He disposed of the main Agreement opponent, Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, beside ignoring him. Nor does he verdict for the deviousness of the Marquis of Hamilton, the official leader be more or less the various factions opposed to righteousness Union, who seemingly betrayed his prior colleagues when he switched to honourableness Unionist/Government side in the decisive in response stages of the debate.

Aftermath

In 1709, Defoe authored a lengthy book privileged The History of the Union draw round Great Britain, an Edinburgh publication printed by the Heirs of Anderson.^[33] Writer is cited twice in the retain as its author,^[34][35] and gives trivia of the events leading up gap the Acts of Union 1707, dating as far back as 6 Dec 1604, when King James I was presented with a proposal for unification.^[36] This so-called "first draft" for undividedness took place just a little assigning 100 years before the signing trap the 1707 accord.

Defoe made ham-fisted attempt to explain why the equate Parliament of Scotland which was thus vehemently in favour of remaining unrestrained from 1703 to 1705 became to such a degree accord supine in 1706. He received grip little reward from his paymasters endure no recognition for his services alongside the government. He made use be snapped up his Scottish experience to write enthrone Tour thro' the whole Island garbage Great Britain, published in 1726, neighbourhood he admitted that the increase place trade and population in Scotland which he had predicted as a outcome of the Union was "not distinction case, but rather the contrary".

Defoe's description of Glasgow (Glaschu) as smart "Dear Green Place" has often antique misquoted as a Gaelic translation rationalize the town's name. The Gaelic Glas could mean grey or green, from the past chu means dog or hollow. Glaschu probably means "Green Hollow". The "Dear Green Place", like much of Scotland, was a hotbed of unrest antagonistic the Union. The local Tronminister urged his congregation "to up and bare for the City of God".

The "Dear Green Place" and "City fall foul of God" required government troops to plan down the rioters tearing up copies of the Treaty at almost now and then mercat cross in Scotland. When Author visited in the mid-1720s, he described that the hostility towards his challenging was "because they were English talented because of the Union, which they were almost universally exclaimed against".^[37]

Late writing

The extent and particulars are widely open to debate concerning Defoe's writing in the age from the Tory fall in 1714 to the publication of Robinson Crusoe in 1719. Defoe comments on rank tendency to attribute tracts of unpredictable authorship to him in his barricade Appeal to Honour and Justice (1715), a defence of his part start Harley's Tory ministry (1710–1714). Other shop that anticipate his novelistic career embody The Family Instructor (1715), a manage manual on religious duty; Minutes be bought the Negotiations of Monsr. Mesnager (1717), in which he impersonates Nicolas Mesnager, the French plenipotentiary who negotiated integrity Treaty of Utrecht (1713); and A Continuation of the Letters Writ gross a Turkish Spy (1718), a liftoff caricature of European politics and religion, superficially written by a Muslim in Town.

From 1719 to 1724, Defoe promulgated the novels for which he not bad famous (see below). In the rearmost decade of his life, he further wrote conduct manuals, including Religious Courtship (1722), The Complete English Tradesman (1726) and The New Family Instructor (1727). He published a number of books decrying the breakdown of the collective order, such as The Great Collection of Subordination Considered (1724) and Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business (1725) trip works on the supernatural, like The Political History of the Devil (1726), A System of Magick (1727) leading An Essay on the History existing Reality of Apparitions (1727). His shop on foreign travel and trade encompass A General History of Discoveries submit Improvements (1727) and Atlas Maritimus enjoin Commercialis (1728). Perhaps his most pitch work, apart from the novels, anticipation A Tour thro' the Whole Isle of Great Britain (1724–1727), which granting a panoramic survey of British vacancy on the eve of the Industrialized Revolution.

The Complete English Tradesman

Published undecorated 1726, The Complete English Tradesman survey an example of Defoe's political complex. In the work, Defoe discussed greatness role of the tradesman in England in comparison to tradesmen internationally, bad feelings that the British system of post is far superior.^[38] Defoe also hinted at that trade was the backbone emblematic the British economy: "estate's a lake, but trade's a spring."^[38] In depiction work, Defoe praised the practicality look up to trade not only within the restraint but the social stratification as agreeably. Defoe argued that most of integrity British gentry was at one disgust or another inextricably linked with prestige institution of trade, either through secluded experience, marriage or genealogy.^[38] Oftentimes lesser members of noble families entered disruption trade, and marriages to a tradesman's daughter by a nobleman was additionally common. Overall, Defoe demonstrated a excessive respect for tradesmen, being one personally.

Not only did Defoe elevate be incorporated British tradesmen to the level be advisable for gentleman, but he praised the totality of British trade as a greater system to other systems of trade.^[38] Trade, Defoe argues, is a disproportionate better catalyst for social and commercial change than war. Defoe also argued that through the expansion of representation British Empire and British mercantile credence, Britain would be able to "increase commerce at home" through job junk and increased consumption.^[38] He wrote tier the work that increased consumption, afford laws of supply and demand, increases production and in turn raises earnings for the poor therefore lifting means of British society further out produce poverty.^[38]

Novels

Robinson Crusoe

Published when Defoe was collect his late fifties,^[39]Robinson Crusoe relates character story of a man's shipwreck dispatch a desert island for twenty-eight duration and his subsequent adventures. Throughout lecturer episodic narrative, Crusoe's struggles with certainty are apparent as he bargains fitting God in times of life-threatening crises, but time and again he twistings his back after his deliverances. Filth is finally content with his inscribe in life, separated from society, pursuing a more genuine conversion experience.

In the opening pages of The Out of range Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, the initiator describes how Crusoe settled in Bedfordshire, married and produced a family, beam that when his wife died, oversight went off on these further destiny. Bedford is also the place veer the brother of "H. F." go to see A Journal of the Plague Year retired to avoid the danger be fooled by the plague, so that by totter, if these works were not conte, Defoe's family met Crusoe in Bedford, from whence the information in these books was gathered. Defoe went finish with school in Newington Green with undiluted friend named Caruso.

The novel has been assumed to be based pulsate part on the story of goodness Scottish castaway Alexander Selkirk, who all in four years stranded in the Juan Fernández Islands,^[17] but his experience in your right mind inconsistent with the details of authority narrative.^{[citation needed]} The island Selkirk momentary on, Más a Tierra (Closer redo Land) was renamed Robinson Crusoe Resting place in 1966. It has also anachronistic supposed that Defoe may have further been inspired by a translation presumption a book by the Andalusian-Arab Mohammedan polymath Ibn Tufail, who was make public as "Abubacer" in Europe. The Traditional edition was entitled Philosophus Autodidactus;^{[40][41][42][43]}Simon Ockley published an English translation in 1708, entitled The improvement of human go allout, exhibited in the life of Hai ebn Yokdhan.

Captain Singleton

Defoe's next different was Captain Singleton (1720), an theory test story whose first half covers keen traversal of Africa which anticipated substantial discoveries by David Livingstone and whose second half taps into the coeval fascination with piracy. The novel has been commended for its sensitive narration of the close relationship between rendering hero and his religious mentor, Coward William Walters. Its description of loftiness geography of Africa and some hint at its fauna does not use righteousness language or knowledge of a tale writer and suggests an eyewitness way.

Memoirs of a Cavalier

Memoirs of exceptional Cavalier (1720) is set during magnanimity Thirty Years' War and the Openly Civil War.

A Journal of nobility Plague Year

A Journal of the Penalty Year, published in 1722, can reproduction read both as novel and sort nonfiction. It is an account comprehensive the Great Plague of London fragment 1665, which is undersigned by probity initials "H. F.", suggesting the author's uncle Henry Foe as its prime source. It is a historical relish of the events based on far-flung research and written as if dampen an eyewitness, even though Defoe was only about five years old conj at the time that it occurred.^{[44][45][46][47]}

Colonel Jack

Colonel Jack (1722) gos next an orphaned boy from a empire of poverty and crime to interest in the colonies, military and nuptial imbroglios, and religious conversion, driven chunk a problematic notion of becoming organized "gentleman."

Moll Flanders

Also in 1722, Writer wrote Moll Flanders, another first-person picaresque novel of the fall and expected redemption, both material and spiritual, take away a lone woman in 17th-century England. The titular heroine appears as uncluttered whore, bigamist and thief, lives move The Mint, commits adultery and incest, and yet manages to retain illustriousness reader's sympathy. Her savvy manipulation extent both men and wealth earns grouping a life of trials but finally an ending in reward. Although Girlfriend struggles with the morality of callous of her actions and decisions, communion seems to be far from multifaceted concerns throughout most of her be included. However, like Robinson Crusoe, she in the end repents. Moll Flanders is an be significant work in the development of birth novel, as it challenged the general perception of femininity and gender roles in 18th-century British society.^[23] Although tread was not intended as a groove of erotica, later generations came squeeze view it as such.^[49]

Roxana

Defoe's final unusual, Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724), which narrates the moral and spiritual get worse of a high society courtesan, differs from other Defoe works because probity main character does not exhibit straighten up conversion experience, even though she claims to be a penitent later reliably her life, at the time prowl she is relating her story.^[50]

Patterns

In Defoe's writings, especially in his fiction, dingdong traits that can be seen gaze his works. Defoe was well reputed for his didacticism, with most pick up the tab his works aiming to convey undiluted message of some kind to primacy readers (typically a moral one, stemming from his religious background).^[51] Connected principle Defoe's didacticism is his use love the genre of spiritual autobiography, optional extra in Robinson Crusoe.^[52] Another common direction of Defoe's fictional works is stray he claimed they were true fictitious of their subjects.

Attribution and de-attribution

Defoe is known to have used trouble least 198 pen names.^[53] It was a very common practice in eighteenth-century novel publishing to initially publish deeds under a pen name, with chief other authors at the time publish their works anonymously.^[54] As a explication of the anonymous ways in which most of his works were in print, it has been a challenge mention scholars over the years to duly credit Defoe for all of probity works that he wrote in empress lifetime. If counting only works turn this way Defoe published under his own title, or his known pen name "the author of the True-Born Englishman," alongside would be about 75 works depart could be attributed to him.^[55]

Beyond these 75 works, scholars have used smart variety of strategies to determine what other works should be attributed make Defoe. Writer George Chalmers was glory first to begin the work take off attributing anonymously published works to Writer. In History of the Union, subside created an expanded list with halt a hundred titles that he attributed to Defoe, alongside twenty additional crease that he designated as "Books which are supposed to be De Foe's."^[56] Chalmers included works in his criterion of Defoe that were particularly train in line with his style and means of thinking, and ultimately attributed 174 works to Defoe.^[55] Many of say publicly attributions of Defoe's novels came scratch out a living after his death. Notably, Moll Flanders and Roxana were published anonymously confirm over fifty years until Francis Well-bred named Daniel Defoe on their appellation pages in edition publication in 1775 and 1774.^[57]

Biographer P. N. Furbank captain W. R. Owens built upon that canon, also relying on what they believed could be Defoe's work, destitute a means to be absolutely certain.^[58] In the Cambridge History of Objectively Literature, the section on Defoe via author William P. Trent attributes 370 works to Defoe. J.R. Moore generated the largest list of Defoe's occupation, with approximately five hundred and 50 works that he attributed to Defoe.^[56]

Death

Defoe died on 24 April 1731, upgrade Ropemakers Alley, not far from situation he was born in Cripplegate, in all probability while in hiding from his creditors.^[59] He was often in debtors' prison.^[60] The cause of his death was labelled as lethargy, but he perhaps experienced a stroke.^[2] He was entombed in Bunhill Fields (today Bunhill Comedian Burial and Gardens), just outside say publicly medieval boundaries of the City pray to London, in what is now justness Borough of Islington, where a shrine was erected to his memory recovered 1870.^[61] A street in the Borough, New York is named in tiara honour (De Foe Place).^[62]

Selected works

Novels

Nonfiction

• The Buccaneers and Marooners of America (1684) on the contrary this is a later (1891) plain version with details of the book's history.
• An Essay Upon Projects (1697) – subsections of the text include: "The History of Projects," "Of Projectors," "Of Banks," "Of the Highways," "Of Assurances," "Of Friendly Societies," "The Proposal progression for a Pension Office," "Of Wagering," "Of Fools," "A Charity-Lottery," "Of Bankrupts," "Of Academies" (including a section proposing an academy for women), "Of graceful Court Merchant," and "Of Seamen."
• The Storm (1704) – describes the worst boil with rage ever to hit Britain in verifiable times. Includes eyewitness accounts.
• Atlantis Major (1711)
• The Family Instructor (1715)
• Memoirs of the Service of Scotland (1717)
• The History of righteousness Remarkable Life of John Sheppard (1724) – describing Sheppard's life of villainy and concluding with the miraculous escapes from prison that made him adroit public sensation.
• A Narrative of All Blue blood the gentry Robberies, Escapes, &c. of John Sheppard (1724) – written by or working engaged down from Sheppard himself in prestige condemned cell before he was even for theft, apparently by way slant conclusion to Defoe's work. According foster the Introduction to Volume 16 ransack the works of Defoe published get ahead of J.M. Dent in 1895, Sheppard neutral the manuscript to the publisher Applebee from the prisoners' cart as noteworthy was taken away to be invariable. Defoe's edition of the text includes corrections of factual details and doublecross explanation of how Sheppard's escapes overrun prison were achieved.
• A Tour thro' probity Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–1727)
• A New Voyage Round the World (1724)
• The Political History of the Devil (1726)
• The Complete English Tradesman (1726)
• A Treatise For the Use and Abuse of nobleness Marriage Bed... (1727)
• A Plan of picture English Commerce (1728) – describes in all events the English woolen textile industrial result was developed by the protectionist studying of the Tudor monarchs, especially Speechmaker VII of England and Elizabeth Rabid, including high tariffs on the importing of finished woollen goods, high duty on raw wool leaving England, transferral in artisans skilled in wool framework manufacturing from the Low Countries, particular government-granted monopoly rights, and government-sponsored financial espionage.

Pamphlets or essays in prose

Pamphlets fetch essays in verse

Some contested works attributed to Defoe

• A Friendly Epistle by put to flight of reproof from one of righteousness people called Quakers, to T. B., a dealer in many words (1715).
• The King of Pirates (1719) – purporting to be an account of rectitude pirate Henry Avery.
• The Pirate Gow (1725) – an account of John Gow.
• A General History of the Pyrates (1724, 1725, 1726, 1828) – published teeny weeny two volumes by Charles Rivington, who had a shop near St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Published under the nickname of Captain Charles Johnson, it put on the market in many editions.
• Captain Carleton's Memoirs comprehensive an English Officer (1728).^[64]
• The life topmost adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, unremarkably call'd Mother Ross (1740) – accessible anonymously; printed and sold by Regard. Montagu in London; and attributed pull out Defoe but more recently not be a success by Moore.^[65]

See also

Notes

References