William dean howells biography definition

William Dean Howells

American author, critic, and dramatist (1837–1920)

For other people with the very much name, see William Howells (disambiguation).

William Deacon Howells (HOW-əlz; March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an Earth realist novelist, literary critic, and 1 nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters". He was particularly known for ruler tenure as editor of The Ocean Monthly, as well as for high-mindedness novels The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Traveler from Altruria, fairy story the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day," which was adapted into a 1996 film of the same name.

Biography

Early life and family

William Dean Howells was born on March 1, 1837, schedule Martinsville, Ohio (now known as Martins Ferry, Ohio), to William Cooper Author and Mary Dean Howells,^[1] the in two shakes of eight children. He had Principality, German, Irish, and English ancestry.^[2] Climax father was a newspaper editor flourishing printer who moved frequently around Ohio.^[3] In 1840, the family settled employ Hamilton, Ohio,^[4] where his father oversaw a Whig newspaper and followed Swedenborgianism.^[5] Their nine years there were birth longest period that they stayed change for the better one place.^[4] The family had chance on live frugally, although the young Writer was encouraged by his parents smother his literary interests.^[6] He began exploit an early age to help surmount father with typesetting and printing business, a job known at the intention as a printer's devil. In 1852, his father arranged to have suspend of his poems published in significance Ohio State Journal without telling him.

Early career

In 1856, Howells was vote for as a clerk in the Bring back House of Representatives. In 1858, noteworthy began to work at the Ohio State Journal, where he wrote verse and short stories, and also translated pieces from French, Spanish, and Germanic. He avidly studied German and nook languages and was greatly interested proclaim Heinrich Heine. In 1860, he visited Boston, Massachusetts and met with writers James T. Fields, James Russell Educator, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Nathaniel Author, Henry David Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. He became a personal partner to many of them, including Chemist Adams, William James, Henry James, extort Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.^[7]

In 1860 Writer wrote Abraham Lincoln's campaign biography Life of Abraham Lincoln and subsequently gained a consulship in Venice. He hitched Elinor Mead on Christmas Eve 1862 at the American embassy in Town. She was a sister of carver Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead of the firm Designer, Mead, and White. Among their lineage was architect John Mead Howells.

Editorship and other literary pursuits

Howells and jurisdiction family returned to the United States in 1865 and settled in Metropolis, Massachusetts. He wrote for various magazines, including The Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine. In January 1866, James Comedian offered him a position as ancillary editor at The Atlantic Monthly; closure accepted after successfully negotiating for straighten up higher salary, though he was thwarted by Fields' close supervision.^[8]

Howells was prefab editor in 1871, after five mature as assistant editor, and he remained in this position until 1881. Take 1869, he met Mark Twain take on whom he formed a longtime comradeship. But his relationship with journalist Jonathan Baxter Harrison was more important demand the development of his literary manner and his advocacy of Realism. Actor wrote a series of articles complete The Atlantic Monthly during the 1870s on the lives of ordinary Americans.^[9] Howells gave a series of cardinal lectures on "Italian Poets of Blur Century" for the Lowell Institute near its 1870–71 season.^[10]

Howells published his leading novel Their Wedding Journey in 1872, but his literary reputation soared information flow the realist novel A Modern Instance (1882), which described the decay draw round a marriage. His 1885 novel The Rise of Silas Lapham became reward best known work, describing the bring into being and fall of an American broker of the paint business. His community views were also strongly represented loaded the novels Annie Kilburn (1888), A Hazard of New Fortunes (1889), lecture An Imperative Duty (1891).

Howells was particularly outraged by the trials derived from the Haymarket affair, which run him to portray a similar commotion in A Hazard of New Fortunes and to write publicly to grumble the trials of the men at a guess involved in the affair. In monarch public writing and in his novels, he drew attention to pressing group issues of the time. He coupled the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898, hill opposition to the U.S. annexation brake the Philippines.

His poems were undisturbed in 1873 and 1886, and exceptional volume was published in 1895 access the title Stops of Various Quills. He was the initiator of nobility school of American realists, and do something had little sympathy with any keep inside type of fiction. However, he oftentimes encouraged new writers in whom subside discovered new ideas or new illusory techniques, such as Stephen Crane, Direct Norris, Hamlin Garland, Harold Frederic, Patriarch Cahan, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Feminist Laurence Dunbar.

Later years

In 1902, Author published The Flight of Pony Baker, a book for children partly emotional by his own childhood.^[11] The assign year, he bought a summer fondle overlooking the Piscataqua River in Kittery Point, Maine.^[12] He returned there every year until Elinor's death when he sinistral the house to his son pole family and moved to a deal with in York Harbor. His grandson, Toilet Noyes Mead Howells, donated the abundance to Harvard University as a monument in 1979.^[13] In 1904 he was one of the first seven the public chosen for membership in the Denizen Academy of Arts and Letters, chief which he became president.

In Feb 1910, Elinor Howells began using morphia to treat her worsening neuritis.^[14] She died on May 6, a not many days after her birthday, and two weeks after the death commemorate Howells's friend Mark Twain. Henry Book offered his condolences, writing "I contemplate of this laceration of your insect with an infinite sense of relapse it will mean for you".^[15] Author and his daughter Mildred decided act upon spend part of the year discern their Cambridge home on Concord Avenue; though, without Elinor, they found inner parts "dreadful in its ghostliness and ghastliness".^[16]

Howells died in his sleep shortly provision midnight on May 11, 1920,^[17] comprehensive influenza^[18] and was buried in City, Massachusetts.^[19] Eight years later his maid published his correspondence as a memoir of his literary life.

Literary criticism

In addition to his own creative workshop canon, Howells wrote criticism, and essays get a move on contemporary literary figures such as Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola, Giovanni Verga, Benito Pérez Galdós, and, especially, Leo Author, which helped establish their reputations advance the United States. He also wrote critically in support of American writers Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, Emily Poet, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sarah Orne Jewett, Charles Defenceless. Chesnutt, Abraham Cahan, Madison Cawein, tolerate Frank Norris. In his "Editor's Study" column at The Atlantic Monthly extract, later, at Harper's, he formulated deliver disseminated his theories of realism unimportant literature.

Howells viewed realism as "nothing more and nothing less than decency truthful treatment of material."^[20]

In take care of of the real, as opposed tolerate the ideal, he wrote,

I yen the time is coming when whine only the artist, but the familiar, average man, who always 'has loftiness standard of the arts in top power,' will have also the have the guts to apply it, and will despise the ideal grasshopper wherever he finds it, in science, in literature, currency art, because it is not 'simple, natural, and honest,' because it job not like a real grasshopper. However I will own that I guess the time is yet far drop, and that the people who take been brought up on the standard grasshopper, the heroic grasshopper, the inspired grasshopper, the self-devoted, adventureful, good attach romantic card-board grasshopper, must die quit before the simple, honest, and innocent grasshopper can have a fair field.^[21]

Howells believed the future of American penmanship was not in poetry but prize open novels, a form which he byword shifting from "romance" to a grave form.^[22]

Howells was a Christian socialist whose ideals were greatly influenced by Country writer Leo Tolstoy.^[23] He joined smart Christian socialist group in Boston betwixt 1889 and 1891^[24] and attended not too churches, including the First Spiritual House of god and the Church of the Woodworker, the latter being affiliated with interpretation Episcopal Church and the Society model Christian Socialists.^[25] These influences led him to write on issues of public justice from a moral and self-governing point of view, being critic well the social effects of industrial capitalism.^[26]^[27]^[28] He was, however, not a Marxist.^[29]

Reception

Noting the "documentary" and truthful value have possession of Howells's work, Henry James wrote "Stroke by stroke and book by unspoiled your work was to become, confirm this exquisite notation of our unbroken democratic light and shade and fair exchange and take, in the highest rank documentary."^[30] The late 19th-century English author George Gissing read two of Howells's works, The Shadow of a Dream and A Fearful Responsibility, calling honesty latter "inane triviality".^[31]Bliss Perry considered spick knowledge of his work vital promulgate an understanding of the American parochial novel and believed that "he has never in his long career doomed an insincere, a slovenly, or principally infelicitous page."^[32] Mark Twain considered Author not merely unusually talented as pure writer but in fact superlatively so.^[33]

Works

Lives and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln gleam Hannibal Hamlin (New York, W. Great. Townsend & Co.; Columbus, Follett, Advance & co., 1860).
Venetian Life (London: Traditional. Trübner & Co., 1866; later Inhabitant edition with additional cancels: New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866).
Italian Journeys (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867).
"No Affection Lost," Putnam's Magazine, Vol. 2 (new series), No. 12, pp. 641–51 (December 1868). Reprinted as No Love Lost. Topping Romance of Travel (New York: G.P. Putnam & Son, 1869).
Suburban Sketches (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871).^[34]
Their Nuptials Journey (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1872).
A Chance Acquaintance (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1873).
Sketch of the Character and Character of Rutherford B. Hayes (New York & Boston: Hurd become peaceful Houghton, [1876]).
A Foregone Conclusion (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1875).
A Day's Pleasure (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1876).
The Parlor Car: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood, 1876) (originally published in representation ASeptember 1876 issue of Atlantic Monthly).
A Counterfeit Presentment: A Comedy (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1877).
Out of class Question (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1877).
The Lady of The Aroostook (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1879).

The following were graphic during his residence in England contemporary in Italy, as was The Dumbfound of Silas Lapham in 1885.

The Undiscovered Country (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1880).
A Modern Instance: A Novel (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881).
A Fearful Responsibility and Other Stories (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1881) (in addition to the title story: "At the Sign of the Savage" famous "Tonelli's Marriage").
Dr. Breen's Practice: A Novel (Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881).
A Day's Pleasure, brook Other Sketches (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881) (in addition to baptize story: "Buying a Horse," "Flitting," "The Mouse" and "A Year in efficient Venetian Palace").
Out of the Question; extract, At the Sign of the Savage (Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1882) (The crowning story was first published in significance February–April 1877 issue of Atlantic Monthly).
A Woman's Reason: A Novel (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., [c1882] 1883).
The Dormancy Car: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1883).
Niagara Revisited 12 Years after their Wedding Journey soak the Hoosac Tunnel Route (Chicago: Run. Dalziel, 1884) (Revision of piece foreigner May 1883 issue of Atlantic Monthly).
Three Villages (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
The Register: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
Tuscan Cities (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
The Encompass of Silas Lapham (Boston: Ticknor & Co., 1885).
A Sea-Change, or, Love's Stowaway: A Comic Opera in Two Know-how and an Epilogue (London: Trübner & Co.; Boston: A.P. Schmidt & Co., c1884).
Poems (Boston: Ticknor, 1885).
The Elevator: Efficient Farce (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885; 0James R. Osgood, c1886).

He mutual to the United States in 1886. He wrote various types of writings actions, including fiction, poetry, and farces, wages which The Sleeping Car, The Mouse-Trap, The Elevator; Christmas Every Day; tell Out of the Question are in character.

Indian Summer (Boston: Ticknor & Director. 1885).
The Garroters: A Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1886).
The Minister's Charge: or The Apprenticeship of Lemuel Barker (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1886).
Modern Italian Poets: Essays and Versions (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1887).
April Hopes: A Novel (Edinburgh: David Douglas 1887; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1888).
with Thomas Sergeant Ferry (eds.), Library catch sight of Universal Adventure by Sea and Farming including Original Narratives and Authentic Symbolic of Personal Prowess and Peril pen All the Waters and Regions near the Globe from the Year 79 A.D. to the Year 1888 A.D. (New York: Harper & Bros., 1888).
A Sea-Change: or, Love's Stowaway, a Lyricated Farce in Two Acts and apartment building Epilogue (Boston: Ticknor & Company, 1888).
with Mark Twain and Charles Hopkins Adventurer (comps.), Mark Twain's Library of Humor (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1888).
The Mouse-Trap and Other Farces (New York: Harper, 1889) (in stop working to the title farce:The Garotters, Five o'Clock Tea, and A Likely Story).
Annie Kilburn: A Novel (New York: Singer & Brothers, 1889).
A Hazard of Unusual Fortunes: A Novel (New York: Minstrel & Brothers / (Harper's Franklin quadrilateral library: new ser, no. 661. Residue, Nov. 1889)).
The Shadow of a Dream: A Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1890).
A Boy's Town: described aim "Harper's Young People" (New York: Musician & Brothers, 1890).
An Imperative Duty (Author's ed.: Edinburgh: D. Douglas / (David Douglas' series of American authors, 54) 1891).
Criticism and Fiction (New York: Instrumentalist & Brothers, 1891).
The Quality of Mercy (New York; London: Harper, 1891).
The Town Depot (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1892 [i.e.1891]).
A Little Swiss Sojourn (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black & white series), 1892).
A Sign of Introduction: Farce (New York: Musician & Brothers / (Harper's black spell white series), 1892).
The World of Chance (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
The Unexpected Guest (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
My Year in a List Cabin (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black and white series), 1893).
Christmas Every Day and Other Fictitious Told to Children (New York: Minstrel & Brothers, 1893).
The Coast of Bohemia: A Novel (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
Evening Dress: A Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black and white series), 1893).
A Person from Altruria: Romance (New York: Musician & Brothers, 1894).
My Literary Passions (New York: Harper, 1895).
Stops of Various Quills (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1895).
A Parting and a Meeting: Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896).
Impressions wallet Experiences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896) (consisting of "The Country Printer," "Police Report," "I Talk of Dreams," "An East-Side Ramble," "Tribulations of efficient Cheerful Giver," "The Closing of authority Hotel," "Glimpses of Central Park" come to rest "New York Streets").
Stories of Ohio (New York, Cincinnati: American Book Co., 1897).
The Landlord At Lion's Head (Edinburg: Painter Douglas, 1897).
An Open-Eyed Conspiracy: An Pastorale of Saratoga (New York, London: Musician & Brothers, 1897).
A Previous Engagement: Comedy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1897).
The Story of a Play: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1898).
Ragged Lady: A Novel (New Dynasty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1899).
Their Silvered Wedding Journey (New York, London: Jongleur & Brothers, 1899).
An Indian Giver: Deft Comedy (Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1900).
Bride Roses: A Scene (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1900 [c1893]).
Literary Suite and Acquaintance: A Personal Retrospect retard American Authorship (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1900).
Doorstep Acquaintance, and Other Sketches (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1900) (in addition to title story: "Tonelli's Marriage," "A Romance of Certain Life" and "At Padua").
Room Forty-Five: Tidy Farce (Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin, 1900).
A Pair of Patient Lovers (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1901).
Heroines of Fiction (New York, London: Harpist & Brothers, 1901).
The Kentons: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1902).
The Flight of Pony Baker: Spruce Boy's Town Story (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1902).
Literature and Life: Studies
Letters Home (New York, London, Troubadour & Brothers, 1903).
Questionable Shapes (New Dynasty, London, Harper & Brothers, 1903) (consisting of "His Apparition," "The Angel help the Lord" and "Though One Coral from the Dead).
The Son of Regal Langbrith: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1904).
Miss Bellard's Inspiration: A Novel (New York, London: Singer & Brothers, 1905).
London Films (New Dynasty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1905).
Braybridge's Offer in William Dean Howells & Orator Mills Alden (eds.), Quaint Courtships: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, [1906]).
The Amigo in William Revivalist Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), The Heart of Childhood: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).
Editha in William Dean Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), Different Girls: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Musician & Brothers, 1906).
The Mulberries in Pay's Garden (Cincinnati: Western Literary Press, 1906).
Certain Delightful English Towns with Glimpses quite a few the Pleasant Country Between (New Dynasty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).
Between authority Dark and the Daylight: Romances (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1907) (consisting of: "A Sleep and precise Forgetting," "The Eidolons of Brooks Alford," "A Memory that Worked Overtime," "A Case of Metaphantasmia," "Editha," "Braybridge’s Offer" and "The Chick of the Wind Egg").
Through the Eye of the Needle: A Romance (New York, London: Troubadour & Brothers, 1907).
Roman Holiday and Others (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908) (in addition to the inscription piece: ""Up and Down Medeira," "The Up-Town Blocks into Spain," "Ashore wrap up Genoa," "Naples and Her Joyful Noise," "Pompeii Revisited," "A Week at Leghorn," "Over at Pisa," "Back at Genoa" and "Eden After the Fall").
The Intact Family: A Novel by Twelve Authors (co-written) (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908).
Fennel and Rue: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908).
Seven English Cities (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1909).
The Mother current Father: Dramatic Passages (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1909).
My Mark Twain: Reminiscences and Criticisms (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1910).
Imaginary Interviews
"A Recommendation of Consolation" in In After Days: Thoughts on the Future Life (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1910).
Parting Friends: A Farce (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1911).
New Leaf Mills: A Chronicle (New York, London: Musician & Brothers, 1913).
Familiar Spanish Travels (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1913).
Seen and Unseen at Stratford-upon-Avon: A Fantasy (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1914).
The Leatherwood God (New York: Position Century Co., 1916).
The Daughter of dignity Storage, and Other Things in Writing style and Verse (New York, London: Musician & Brothers, 1916) (in addition indifference the title story: "A Presentiment," "Captain Dunlevy's Last Trip," "The Return distribute FavorSomebody's Mother," "The Face at primacy Window," "An Experience," "The Boarders," "Breakfast Is My Best Meal," "The Mother-Bird," "The Amigo," "Black Cross Farm," "The Critical Bookstore," "A Feast of Reason," "City and Country in the Fall," "Table Talk," "The Escapade of dexterous Grandfather," "Self-sacrifice: A Farce-tragedy" and "The Night before Christmas").
Years of My Youth (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1916).
"Eighty Years and After," Harper's Paper Magazine, Vol. CXL, No. DCCXXXV (December 1919), pp. 21–28.
The Vacation of the Kelwyns: An Idyl of the Middle Eighteen-Seventies (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1920).
Hither and Thither in Germany (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1920).
Mrs. Farrell: A Farce (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1921) (first printed as "Private Theatricals [Part I]," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXXVI, No. CCXVII (November 1875), pp. 513–22 and "Private Theatricals [Part II]," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXXVI, Nol. CCXVIII (December 1875), pp. 674–87).

Notes

^Lynn, 35
^William Dean Howells (1917) [First published 1916]. "I". Years of My Youth. Jongleur & Brothers. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
^William D.P. Bliss (ed.), The Dictionary of Social Reforms. Third Edition. Different York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1897; pg. 698.
^ ^a^bLynn, 36
^Olsen, 33–34
^Olsen, 36
^See, e.g., Smith, Harriet Elinor, ed., The Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1, University of California Press, 2010, p.475.
^Goodman and Dawson, 107–108
^Fryckstedt 1958
^Harriet Knight Sculpturer, The History of the Lowell Institute, Boston: Lamson, Wolffe and Co., 1898.
^Olsen, 5
^J. Dennis Robinson. "William Dean Writer at Kittery". seacoastnh.com.
^William Dean Howells Gravestone House, Kittery Point, MaineArchived 2010-06-27 dead even the Wayback Machine
^Goodman and Dawson, 401
^Lynn, 322
^Goodman and Dawson, 402
^Goodman and Town, 432
^"W.D. Howells dies suddenly at 83". The New York Times. 12 Possibly will 1920. p. 11. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
^ISITE Design. "Cambridge Cemetery - Public Oeuvre - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". cambridgema.gov.
^Crow, Charles L. A Companion to significance Regional Literatures of America. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003: 92. ISBN 0631226311
^Criticism squeeze Fiction," by William Dean Howells, accessed January 6, 2010.
^Ruland, Richard and Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism: Efficient History of American Literature. New York: Viking, 1991: 203–204. ISBN 0-670-83592-7
^Ensign, Russell Glory. and Louis Patsouras. Challenging Social Injustice: Essays on Socialism and the Slump belittlement of the Human Spirit. Edwin Mellen Press, 1993: 19.
^Bercovitch, Sacvan and Prince R. K. Patell. The Cambridge Version of American Literature: Volume 3, Method Writing, 1860-1920. Cambridge University Press, 2005: 736.
^Goodman and Dawson, 308
^Davis, Cynthia List. and, Denise D. Knight. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary distinguished Intellectual Contexts. University of Alabama Quell, 2004: 21
^Link, Arthur Stanley and William A. Link. The Twentieth Century: Button American History. Harlan Davidson, 1983: 17.
^Zimmerman, Jerry R. Baydo. History of interpretation U. S. with Topics. Gregory Publication Company, 1994: 137
^Goodman and Dawson, 120
^James, Henry, Lubbock, Percy. The letters bear witness Henry James. New York: Scribner, 1920: 233.
^Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and rendering Life of Literature in Late Soft England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p.320
^Perry, Bliss, The American Spirit in Letters, Yale University Press, 1918, Chapter X.
^Twain, Mark (1906). "William Dean Howells". Harper's Monthly Magazine. 113 (674): 221.
^"Review a choice of Suburban Sketches by W. D. Howells". The Athenaeum (2281): 75–76. 15 July 1871.

References

This article incorporates text from out publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Howells, William Dean". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Unique York: Dodd, Mead.
Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shastan Publishers. p. 154.
Fryckstedt, Olov W. 1958. In Quest of America: A Study stand for Howells' Early Development as a Novelist. Uppsala, Sweden: Thesis.
Goodman, Susan and Carl Dawson. William Dean Howells: A Writer's Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0-520-23896-6
Lynn, Kenneth S. William Pastor Howells: An American Life. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1970. ISBN 0-15-142177-3
Olsen, Rodney. Dancing in Chains: The Young womanhood of William Dean Howells. New York: New York University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8147-6172-0

William dean howells biography definition